📄 Definition

Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium (heart muscle), typically due to infection, autoimmunity, or toxins. It can cause cardiac dysfunction, arrhythmias, and occasionally sudden cardiac death, especially in young adults.

🧫 Causes – Mnemonic: VIRUS-MYOCARD

  • Viral – Coxsackie B (most common), adenovirus, HIV, influenza, COVID-19

  • Immune-mediated – SLE, sarcoidosis, autoimmune myocarditis

  • Rheumatic fever

  • Uraemia (severe renal disease)

  • Sepsis or systemic infection

  • Medications – clozapine, checkpoint inhibitors

  • Young adults (most affected group)

  • Other infections – bacterial (e.g. Lyme), fungal, protozoa (e.g. Trypanosoma cruzi – Chagas disease)

  • Chemotherapy/toxins – e.g. alcohol, cocaine, anthracyclines

  • Allergic or hypersensitivity reactions

  • Radiation therapy

  • Drug-induced (e.g. antibiotics, antiepileptics)

📋 Clinical Features – Mnemonic: CHEST PAIN

  • Chest pain (pleuritic or angina-like)

  • Heart failure symptoms (e.g. SOB, orthopnoea, oedema)

  • Elevated troponin without coronary artery disease

  • Syncope or palpitations (arrhythmia-related)

  • Tachycardia (disproportionate to fever)

  • Pericardial rub (if concurrent pericarditis)

  • Acute coronary syndrome mimic

  • Infectious prodrome (fever, myalgia, fatigue)

  • Non-specific ECG changes (ST elevation, T-wave inversion)

🔬 Investigations – Tiered Approach

🥇 First-Line

  • ECG – non-specific ST-T changes, arrhythmias

  • Troponin – often elevated (due to myocardial injury)

  • CRP/ESR – raised

  • FBC, U&Es, LFTs – systemic involvement

  • CXR – pulmonary oedema if HF present

  • Echo – global hypokinesia, reduced EF

🥈 Second-Line

  • Cardiac MRI – gold standard for diagnosis (oedema, fibrosis)

  • Viral serology – may guide cause

  • Autoimmune screen – ANA, ENA, etc.

  • COVID-19 PCR or serology

🥉 Tertiary

  • Endomyocardial biopsy – rarely done unless unclear diagnosis or severe cases

Management – Mnemonic: HEART REST

  • Heart failure treatment – ACEi, beta-blocker, diuretics (if LV dysfunction)

  • Exercise restriction – at least 6 months

  • Arrhythmia monitoring – Holter or telemetry

  • Remove offending agents – e.g. drugs/toxins

  • Treat infection or inflammation (antivirals rarely used)

  • Refer to cardiology – all suspected myocarditis

  • Echo follow-up

  • Steroids – only in autoimmune cases

  • Transplant – for fulminant myocarditis if unresponsive

⚠️ Complications – Mnemonic: SUDDEN

  • Sudden cardiac death (especially in young athletes)

  • Unresponsive heart failure

  • Dilated cardiomyopathy (chronic cases)

  • Dysrhythmias – VT/VF

  • Embolism – mural thrombus

  • Need for transplantation in severe cases

🔺 Last updated in line with NICE Clinical Knowledge Summary – Myocarditis
Published: September 2021 • Last updated: April 2023
Last reviewed: August 2025
✅ PASSMAP ensures all content is NICE-aligned and reviewed for Physician Associate Registration Assessment (PARA) success.

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